Sexual Harassment in Public and Occupational Domains: Obstacles to the Robust Enforcement of Legislative Mandates in Pakistan

Abstract

Sexual harassment in public and occupational spaces is a pervasive issue in Pakistan, undermining gender equality, personal safety, and professional development. Despite the enactment of the Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act (2010) and other legal provisions, enforcement remains weak due to systemic, cultural, and institutional barriers. This study aims to analyze the challenges in implementing anti-harassment laws and their implications for victims and society. Adopting a qualitative research design, the study reviews legislative frameworks, case studies, and reports on harassment incidents in Pakistan. Key findings reveal significant gaps in judicial efficiency, resource allocation, and institutional accountability. Cultural stigmas and victim-blaming further discourage victims from seeking legal recourse. Comparative analysis highlights best practices from other countries, offering insights into potential improvements for Pakistan The research concludes that legislative reforms, capacity-building initiatives, public awareness campaigns, and technological solutions are critical to addressing enforcement challenges. By strengthening institutional mechanisms and fostering a cultural shift, Pakistan can create safer public and professional spaces, empowering individuals and advancing gender equality. This study underscores the urgency of coordinated efforts by the government, civil society, and private sector to combat this pervasive issue.