Challenges in Combating Cybercrime: A Comparative Study of Pakistani and International Legal Frameworks

Abstract

Cybercrime poses significant threats in today’s digital landscape, with transnational crimes complicating legal responses and jurisdictional reach. This study examines the challenges Pakistan faces in combating cybercrime, comparing its Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 with international standards like the Budapest Convention, the EU's GDPR, and the US CFAA. Through a comparative legal analysis, this paper identifies gaps in Pakistan's legislative framework, particularly in the areas of international cooperation, data protection, and adaptability to emerging cyber threats. It also addresses institutional limitations in enforcement and procedural safeguards for privacy and human rights. Key findings reveal that while PECA 2016 is a foundational step, its limited provisions on cross-border collaboration, human rights protections, and digital forensics hamper effective cybercrime management. The study recommends legislative amendments, capacity building, and Pakistan’s potential accession to the Budapest Convention to align with global standards. These measures could enhance Pakistan’s cybercrime resilience, legal coherence, and international cooperation, establishing a more secure digital environment.